The Education of the Negro — Reading Companion

The Ballot as an Educating Influence

Warner devotes considerable space to the Reconstruction-era decision to enfranchise negroes without prerequisites. He calls it partly a measure of party balance and partly a belief that the ballot itself would educate. But he asserts that this attempt to put "the superior part of the community under the control of the inferior" was resisted at the South and ultimately evaded. The language is blunt: Warner says the measure would have failed in any community in the United States, whether presented as philanthropy or punishment.

He does not provide evidence for this claim from the excerpts, nor does he name specific opponents. Instead, he relies on a general assertion about race prejudice and traditions of mastership and servitude. The reader is left to infer that Warner sees the ballot as a premature tool, not a cure for ignorance.

Criminality Statistics and Northern Disappointment

Warner introduces a surprising statistic from Professor W. F. Willcox of Cornell University: between 1880 and 1890, negro prisoners in Southern states increased twenty-nine percent per ten thousand, while white prisoners increased only eight percent. More striking, in Northern states where slavery never existed, negro prisoners increased thirty-nine percent faster than the negro population, compared to seven percent for whites. Warner calls this "surprising" and says it cannot be explained by color prejudice at the North.

He attributes the increase to "shiftlessness and irresponsibility" among a great portion of the negro population, though he acknowledges that slavery might be a cause. He notes that Northern schools have long been open to negroes, and that willing hands have helped them rise, yet the criminality gap persists. The argument is that education alone has not produced the expected moral and economic improvement.

Race Antagonism and the Path Forward

Warner observes that intelligent negroes who are honestly at work and accumulating property say they have nothing to fear from the intelligent white population, only from the envy of the ignorant. He does not name these individuals or provide direct quotes. He also notes that a considerable infusion of white blood in the negro race leads to "complications and social aspirations that are infinitely pathetic," a claim he offers without elaboration.

He concludes that the negro population will certainly increase, that the South needs its labor, and that deportation is impossible. The only solution, he writes, is for the negro to become "an integral and an intelligent part of the community." But he offers no specific program, leaving the essay as a diagnosis rather than a prescription.

Warner's essay is a period piece that reveals how a Northern intellectual framed the "negro problem" at the turn of the twentieth century. Readers should note that the excerpts are incomplete; the full text may contain additional arguments or data. The essay is valuable for its candid, if troubling, articulation of assumptions about race, education, and citizenship that shaped public debate long after Reconstruction ended.